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Other open questions that may be explored using high-energy particle collisions: What is the nature of the dark matter that appears to account for 27% of the mass–energy of the universe?.Are there extra dimensions, as predicted by various models based on string theory, and can we detect them?.Is supersymmetry, an extension of the Standard Model and Poincaré symmetry, realized in nature, implying that all known particles have supersymmetric partners?.Is the mass of elementary particles being generated by the Higgs mechanism via electroweak symmetry breaking? It was expected that the collider experiments will either demonstrate or rule out the existence of the elusive Higgs boson, thereby allowing physicists to consider whether the Standard Model or its Higgsless alternatives are more likely to be correct.Issues explored by LHC collisions include:
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ĭata are also needed from high-energy particle experiments to suggest which versions of current scientific models are more likely to be correct – in particular to choose between the Standard Model and Higgsless model and to validate their predictions and allow further theoretical development. Many physicists hope that the Large Hadron Collider will help answer some of the fundamental open questions in physics, which concern the basic laws governing the interactions and forces among the elementary objects, the deep structure of space and time, and in particular the interrelation between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Thus many of them are hard or nearly impossible to study in other ways. Many of these byproducts are produced only by high-energy collisions, and they decay after very short periods of time. Analysis of the byproducts of these collisions gives scientists good evidence of the structure of the subatomic world and the laws of nature governing it. In particle physics, colliders, though harder to construct, are a powerful research tool because they reach a much higher center of mass energy than fixed target setups. Ī collider is a type of a particle accelerator which brings two opposing particle beams together such that the particles collide. The best-known hadrons are the baryons such as protons and neutrons hadrons also include mesons such as the pion and kaon, which were discovered during cosmic ray experiments in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The term hadron refers to subatomic composite particles composed of quarks held together by the strong force (analogous to the way that atoms and molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force).
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The Large Hadron Collider ( LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. Linear accelerators for protons (Linac 4) and lead (Linac 3) Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation